Table 5 Potential facilitators and barriers for blended model implementation

Institutional “buy in” to integrate PCs and licensed clinicians via financial support and stakeholder engagement

Need for specialized onsite supervision and oversight of staff to enhance model implementation

Clarity in program mission

Unclear workflows, roles and responsibilities among team members

Positive integration in ED^a due to the model filling the gap in ED substance specific interventions (i.e., dedicated staff to relieve ED staff strain)

Hiring and retaining PCs

Staff’s willingness to integrate and work collaboratively as a team

Navigating logistics of PCs^b and clinicians consistently engaging all patients due to ED time and workflow demands

Variability and limited training for PCs in this specific ED role