Table 1 Characteristics of Included Studies

Krawcyk et al. [33]

United States (including District of Columbia and Puerto Rico); all publicly funded/licensed outpatient MOUD treatment facilities

Retrospective analysis

2017

Male: 77,220 (59.26%)

Female: 53,062 (40.72%)

Missing: 18

(0.01%)

18–29:

39,327 (30.18%)

30–39:

43,038 (33.03%)

40–49:

23,637 (18.14%)

50 + :

24,298 (18.65%)

Non-Hispanic White: 86,031 (66.03%)

Non-Hispanic Black: 15,493 (11.89%)

Non-Hispanic Other: 6,639 (16.53%)

Hispanic (any race): 21,541 (0.46%)

Missing: 596 (0.46%) (0.46%)

130,300

(MOUD) including Methadone, Buprenorphine or Naltrexone

Self-reported frequency of methamphetamine use in past month, operationalized as ‘no use’, ‘some use’, ‘daily use’

Liu et al. [38]

Guangzhou, China; four unspecified methadone clinics

Prospective cohort study

2013–2014

Male: 351

(87.5%)

Female: 50

(12.5%)

 < 40: 117 (29.2%)

 ≥ 40: 284 (70.8%)

N/A

401

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT)

Self-reported methamphetamine use in the past 6 months, operationalized as ‘yes’ or ‘no’

Lo et al. [37]

Vancouver, Canada; unspecified methadone treatment provider

Prospective cohort study

2005–2015

Male: 792

(60.9%)

Female: 508 (39.1%)

Stratified by MMT discontinuation -Median IQ range:

Yes: 39 (34–45, 95% CI);

No: 42 (35–48, 95% CI)

White: 822 (63.2%)

Non-white: 479 (37.2%)

1301

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT)

Self-reported frequency of methamphetamine use in the past 6 months, operationalized as ‘less than daily use’ or ‘more than daily use’

Mackay et al. [34]

Vancouver, Canada; unspecified methadone treatment provider

Prospective cohort study

2014–2018

Male: 495 (57.3%)

Median age (Q1,Q3): 48 (39.5%)

White: 396 (45/6%)

875

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT)

Self-reported frequency of methamphetamine in the past six months, operationalized as ‘more than weekly use’, ‘no more than weekly use’ and ‘not having used any methamphetamine’

Pilarinos et al. [36]

Vancouver, Canada; unspecified methadone treatment provider

Prospective Cohort Study

2005 –2018

Male: 102 (63.8%)

Female: 58 (36.3%)

Median age: 24

White: 111(69.4%)

Indigenous: 38 (23.8)

Other: 11 (6.9%)

160

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT)

Self-reported recent weekly methamphetamine use, operationalized as ‘yes’ or ‘no’

Tsui et al. [35]

Washington State, United States; three publicly funded medication assisted treatment-prescription drug and opioid addiction (WA-MAT-PDOA) clinics

Prospective Cohort Study

2015–2018

Male: 445

(56%)

Female: 799 (44.3%)

Mean age: 38.0 (12.2 SD)

White: 638 (80%)

Hispanic: 59 (7%)

Black: 48 (6%)

American Indian: 46 (6%)

More than one race: 27 (3%)

Asian 13 (2%)

Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 12 (2%)

Other: 12 (2%)

Missing: 3 (0%)

799

Buprenorphine

Self-reported methamphetamine use in past 30 days, operationalized as ‘none’, ‘1–10 days’, ‘11–20 days’, and ‘21–30 days’

Vafeinasab et al. (2015)

Yazd, Iran; unspecified addiction treatment centers

Prospective Cohort Study

N/A

Male: 225

(97.8%)

Female: 5 (2.2%)

Mean age: 35 (11–67 years)

N/A

230

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT)

Methamphetamine use verified by rapid diagnostic urine tests

Banta-Green et al. [48]

Washington State, United States; 11 non-profit/public methadone clinics

Retrospective Cohort Study

2004–2005

Female: 1116 (48.4%)

Male 1192

(51.7%)

Mean age: 40.6 years (SD 10.3)

Caucasian: 1696 (73.5%)

2308

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT)

Self-reported methamphetamine use in the past 30 days